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# Chronic Inflammation

chron·ic in·flam·ma·tion - KRON-ik in-flah-MAY-shun

## Definition

Chronic [inflammation](/glossary/inflammation) is a prolonged, low-level inflammatory response that persists for weeks, months, or even years - unlike acute inflammation, which is a short-term healing response to injury or infection. In chronic inflammation, the immune system remains activated even when there is no acute threat, releasing inflammatory chemicals that gradually damage healthy tissues, organs, and blood vessels throughout the body.

While acute inflammation is visible and beneficial (the redness, swelling, and warmth around a healing wound), chronic inflammation is often invisible and destructive. It simmers below the surface without obvious symptoms, earning it the nickname 'silent inflammation.' Over time, this persistent immune activation contributes to the development of many of the most common and deadly diseases of modern life.

Research over the past two decades has identified chronic inflammation as a common underlying mechanism in cardiovascular disease, [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes), cancer, Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune disorders, and even depression. Factors that promote chronic inflammation include obesity (especially [visceral fat](/glossary/visceral-fat)), smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, chronic stress, poor sleep, sedentary lifestyle, and a diet high in refined sugars, processed foods, and trans [fats](/glossary/lipids).

## Also Known As

Low-grade inflammation Silent inflammation Systemic inflammation 

## Key Facts

-   • Chronic inflammation is now recognized as an underlying driver of most major chronic diseases. 
-   • C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are blood markers commonly used to measure chronic inflammation. 
-   • Visceral fat (belly fat) is metabolically active and continuously produces inflammatory chemicals. 
-   • The Mediterranean and anti-inflammatory diets have been shown to reduce markers of chronic inflammation. 
-   • Regular moderate exercise reduces chronic inflammation, while excessive intense exercise without recovery can increase it. 

## How It Relates To Your Health

If your doctor has ordered a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test or other inflammatory markers, they may be assessing your level of chronic inflammation as part of a cardiovascular or metabolic risk evaluation. Elevated inflammatory markers are associated with increased risk of [heart attack](/glossary/myocardial-infarction), stroke, and other complications.

The most effective strategies for reducing chronic inflammation are lifestyle-based: maintaining a healthy weight, eating an [anti-inflammatory](/glossary/anti-inflammatory) diet rich in fruits, vegetables, fatty fish, and whole grains, exercising regularly, managing stress, getting adequate sleep, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol.

## Related Terms

[Inflammation](/glossary/inflammation)[Cytokines](/glossary/cytokines)[Anti-inflammatory](/glossary/anti-inflammatory)[Systemic Inflammation](/glossary/systemic-inflammation)[Oxidative Stress](/glossary/oxidative-stress)

## Related Articles

[![The Mediterranean Diet: A Complete Beginner's Guide](https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1498837167922-ddd27525d352?w=1200&h=630&fit=crop&fm=webp)](/nutrition/mediterranean-diet-beginners-guide)

[](/nutrition/mediterranean-diet-beginners-guide)[Nutrition & Diet](/nutrition)

### The Mediterranean Diet: A Complete Beginner's Guide

2026-01-20

## Sources

1.  [Chronic Inflammation](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173/) - StatPearls / PubMed
2.  [Understanding Inflammation](https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-acute-and-chronic-inflammation) - Harvard Health Publishing
3.  [Role of Chronic Inflammation in Disease](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0675-0) - Nature Medicine

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