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# PCOS

P-C-O-S - pee-see-oh-ess

## Definition

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age, characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess androgen (male [hormone](/glossary/hormone)) levels, and polycystic ovaries (ovaries that contain numerous small fluid-filled follicles). Despite its name, not all women with [PCOS](/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome) have cysts on their ovaries, and having ovarian cysts doesn't necessarily mean you have PCOS.

PCOS is fundamentally a metabolic and hormonal condition. The core hormonal imbalance involves elevated androgens (particularly testosterone), which can cause acne, excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), and hair thinning on the scalp. [Insulin resistance](/glossary/insulin-resistance) is present in an estimated 70-80% of women with PCOS, regardless of body weight, making it a significant driver of the condition and its associated metabolic risks.

PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, affecting an estimated 8-13% of women globally, with up to 70% of cases remaining undiagnosed. It is one of the leading causes of female infertility because the hormonal imbalance interferes with regular ovulation. Beyond reproductive concerns, PCOS increases the risk of [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes), [cardiovascular](/glossary/cardiovascular) disease, endometrial cancer, depression, and anxiety.

## Also Known As

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Stein-Leventhal syndrome 

## Key Facts

-   • PCOS affects 8-13% of women of reproductive age, making it one of the most common hormonal disorders. 
-   • Insulin resistance is present in 70-80% of women with PCOS, even those who are not overweight. 
-   • PCOS is diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria: at least 2 of 3 features (irregular periods, excess androgens, polycystic ovaries). 
-   • It's the most common cause of anovulatory infertility, but many women with PCOS conceive with treatment. 
-   • Weight loss of just 5-10% can significantly improve symptoms and restore regular ovulation in overweight women with PCOS. 
-   • PCOS cannot be cured but can be effectively managed with lifestyle modifications, medications, and hormonal therapy. 

## How It Relates To Your Health

If you have irregular periods, acne, excess hair growth, difficulty losing weight, or fertility concerns, [PCOS](/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome) should be evaluated. Early diagnosis and management are important not only for reproductive health but also for long-term metabolic health - women with PCOS have a significantly elevated lifetime risk of [type 2 diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes) and [cardiovascular](/glossary/cardiovascular) disease.

Management of PCOS is multifaceted: lifestyle modifications (regular exercise, anti-inflammatory diet, weight management) address the underlying [insulin resistance](/glossary/insulin-resistance); hormonal contraceptives can regulate periods and reduce androgen levels; metformin or inositol may improve [insulin](/glossary/insulin) sensitivity; and fertility treatments are available for those trying to conceive.

## Related Terms

[Insulin Resistance](/glossary/insulin-resistance)[Testosterone](/glossary/testosterone)[Metabolic Syndrome](/glossary/metabolic-syndrome)[Inflammation](/glossary/inflammation)

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## Sources

1.  [Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome) - World Health Organization
2.  [Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/symptoms-causes/syc-20353439) - Mayo Clinic
3.  [PCOS](https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos) - American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

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