PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age, characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess androgen (male hormone) levels, and polycystic ovaries (ovaries that contain numerous small fluid-filled follicles). Despite its name, not all women with PCOS have cysts on their ovaries, and having ovarian cysts doesn't necessarily mean you have PCOS.

PCOS is fundamentally a metabolic and hormonal condition. The core hormonal imbalance involves elevated androgens (particularly testosterone), which can cause acne, excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), and hair thinning on the scalp. Insulin resistance is present in an estimated 70-80% of women with PCOS, regardless of body weight, making it a significant driver of the condition and its associated metabolic risks.

PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, affecting an estimated 8-13% of women globally, with up to 70% of cases remaining undiagnosed. It is one of the leading causes of female infertility because the hormonal imbalance interferes with regular ovulation. Beyond reproductive concerns, PCOS increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, endometrial cancer, depression, and anxiety.

If you have irregular periods, acne, excess hair growth, difficulty losing weight, or fertility concerns, PCOS should be evaluated. Early diagnosis and management are important not only for reproductive health but also for long-term metabolic health — women with PCOS have a significantly elevated lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Management of PCOS is multifaceted: lifestyle modifications (regular exercise, anti-inflammatory diet, weight management) address the underlying insulin resistance; hormonal contraceptives can regulate periods and reduce androgen levels; metformin or inositol may improve insulin sensitivity; and fertility treatments are available for those trying to conceive.